12 resultados para ECM

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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菌根是一种植物营养根与土壤真菌形成的共生体,在自然界中分布广泛。外生菌根真菌是菌根真菌的重要类群,其宿主植物约占陆地植物总数的3%左右。由于外生菌根真菌的宿主植物常常是一些生态系统的优势种和建群种,并且这些真菌还参与了许多森林生态系统的有机和无机元素循环、物种的竞争和共存、生物多样性的维持、生态系统的演替等过程,因而对外生菌根真菌的研究有助于对这些生态系统维持和演替机制的深入理解。本文通过外生菌根真菌的种类鉴定和多样性,外生菌根真菌种群的遗传结构,外生菌根真菌群落的结构、空间格局及植物-菌根真菌空间关系,外生菌根真菌接种对植物生长和竞争的影响等四个方面的研究,使我们对这一地区的外生菌根真菌的种类组成、空间分布和传播规律、年度变化、以及对植物群落组成和多样性的影响等方面,有一个初步了解。 外生菌根真菌的鉴定和种类组成是进行菌根真菌研究的前提之一。在第一章中,主要通过子实体形态分类和分子方法,对大型真菌的种类进行了鉴定。在对东灵山和都江堰森林的调查中分别发现的大型真菌106种和98种,菌根真菌比例分别为44.3%和69.4%,木生真菌比例分别为16%和10.2%。按Fellner的评价标准,两个森林群落均属于健康的生态系统。我们应用ITS-RFLP和ITS序列比较的方法对地上子实体、地下菌根及分离培养的菌种进行了种类鉴定和分析。结果表明,ITS-RFLP可以用来进行外生菌根真菌的种类鉴定,而序列分析能够提供更为可靠的信息。二者的结合,可以使我们建立菌根真菌分子数据库成为可能。 种群遗传结构的研究包括种群中个体的空间分布和亲缘关系等方面,有助于加深我们对种群的生殖和传播方式,菌根真菌与风、雨、动物等生态因子的关系等方面的理解。第二章主要以两个外生菌根真菌种群为例,对种群遗传结构中空间距离与遗传相似性的关系、种群结构的年度变化等方面进行了探讨。正红菇(Russula vinosa)种群具有较高的遗传多样性,每个子实体来自不同的克隆。空间距离-遗传相似性关系和空间格局分析的结果均表明,这一正红菇的种群结构可能是由短距离孢子传播产生的,而不可能是无性生长或长距离孢子传播形成的。在对隐花青鹅膏菌(Amanita manginiana)连续两年的种群结构进行了研究中,种群的每一个子实体也均来自不同的克隆。遗传相似性分析、AMOVA、遗传相似性-空间距离关系的结果均显示,这两年的种群在遗传相似性和种群结构上均具有显著差异。对此的一个合理的解释就是,这一外生菌根真菌种群来说,其个体由有性孢子发育为子实体的时间可能超过一年,因而2001和2002年的个体并非同一种群的连续世代。 外生菌根真菌群落可以定义为在一定地理范围和时间尺度内不同外生菌根真菌种群的组合。对外生菌根真菌群落的研究有助于揭示森林生态系统中菌根真菌与植物、菌根真菌与环境因子、以及菌根真菌之间的相互关系。在第三章中,我们应用点格局的分析方法和二元逻辑回归分析对外生菌根真菌的主要类群,即鹅膏菌科,牛肝菌科和红菇科,的空间格局及其与周围(5×5米样方)树种组成的关系进行研究。结果表明,某些树种与特定类群菌根真菌的子实体出现有负相关,而三个类群的外生菌根真菌在克隆生长上的差异并不是子实体空间分布的决定因素。而在较小尺度上(450平方米样方)研究也表明,三个主要外生菌根真菌类群的空间分布为聚集半径不等的集群分布,并且其空间分布不依赖于木本植物的分布。外生菌根真菌主要类群在空间分布上具有相互抑制的特点,而抑制能力的大小可能与菌根真菌地下菌丝体的分布范围及连续性有关。 外生菌根真菌的盆栽接种实验通常用来验证菌根真菌-宿主植物的相互关系,不但有理论意义,也是大田实验和大规模生产应用的基础。第四章中进行了两个实验,对外生菌根真菌多样性与宿主植物生长的关系以及菌根真菌与植物之间竞争平衡的关系进行了初步研究。在外生菌根真菌多样性对马尾松生长影响实验中,菌根真菌接种并未显著促进马尾松幼苗的生长和生物量积累,不同的菌种与地上、地下生物量的积累存在不同(正或负)的相关关系。外生菌根真菌的多样性水平与马尾松幼苗的针叶数量存在显著的正相关,并且随接种时间的延长相关关系更为显著。外生菌根真菌多样性水平还与马尾松幼苗地下生物量的累积呈显著的正相关关系。在外生菌根真菌对三种植物的竞争平衡和共存的影响实验中,外生菌根真菌接种没有显著促进马尾松幼苗的生长,但对漆树和枹栎幼苗的生长有显著影响。外生菌根真菌接种能够在两个外生菌根真菌宿主植物竞争中降低枹栎对马尾松的优势,在马尾松和漆树的竞争中降低马尾松的优势,并促使枹栎与漆树(一个外生菌根真菌宿主和一个非宿主植物)的竞争处于不稳定状态。 本文首次通过生态学的角度对外生菌根真菌的物种多样性、种群结构、群落中的空间格局、以及外生菌根真菌与植物生长的关系进行了较为全面的研究。在大型真菌的多样性方面,菌根和木生真菌比例的引入可以完善森林生态系统的健康评价体系,而分子数据库的建立使对大型真菌尤其是外生菌根真菌多样性的长期监测成为可能;在种群遗传结构方面,本文验证了红菇属和鹅膏菌属克隆较小的特点,以及红菇属菌根真菌以短距离孢子传播为主的繁殖特性,并首次从生活史特点的角度解释菌根真菌的种群结构的年度差异;在菌根真菌群落的空间格局方面,本文首次应用二元逻辑回归和点格局分析的方法研究外生菌根真菌的空间分布及菌根真菌-植物关系,并发现三个类群的外生菌根真菌在子实体分布上具有相互排斥的特点;在控制实验中,本文首次研究了菌根真菌接种的多样性水平对宿主植物的影响,首次研究了外生菌根真菌接种对三个物种之间竞争与共存的影响。虽然这些研究在很多方面都仅得到初步的结果,但我们希望这些探索可以为今后对外生菌根真菌的生态学研究提供有益的启示。

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外生菌根是重要的菌根类群,在自然界中分布广泛。外生菌根真菌参与了生物地球化学循环,是森林生态系统中的重要组分。由于外生菌根真菌的宿主植物通常是一些生态系统的优势种和建群种,并且这些真菌还参与了许多森林生态系统的有机和无机元素循环、物种的竞争和共存、生物多样性的维持、生态系统的演替等过程,因而对外生菌根真菌的研究有助于对这些生态系统维持和演替机制的深入理解。作者在中国四川都江堰地区选择了两个不同林龄的森林,应用分子生物学方法,研究了它们的外生菌根真菌群落组成。比较分析了两种年龄亚热带森林下真菌群落的物种组成、密度和多样性的差异,并分析了外生菌根真菌群落与宿主植物群落之间的相互关系,主要研究结果如下: (1) 用分子方法(巢式PCR, RFLP和DNA测序)鉴定了87个土样中的ECM真菌。共检测到70种真菌,属于13目21科30属,其中,子囊菌门5目6科6属8种,担子菌门8目15科24属62种。在担子菌门中,革菌目、红菇目和伞菌目三个目的真菌为常见种。 (2) 成熟林的ECM真菌物种数、密度和物种多样性都显著高于幼林。 (3) 少数几种ECM真菌在群落中占绝对优势,而大多数种类的相对多度和相对频度都较低。重要值(IV)至少在一个样地中大于4.0%的真菌共有12种。成熟林中,IV大于4.0%的ECM真菌有8种,分别是:Russula sp.01,Tomentella sp.01,Tomentella sp.04,Tomentella sp.05,Boletales-01,Lactarius sp.01,Tricholomataceae-01,Leptodontidium sp.01;幼林中IV大于4.0%的真菌有6种,分别是:Lactarius quietus,Russula sp.01,Tomentella sp.01,Tomentella sp.02,Tomentella sp.03, Trechisporales-01。 (4) 成熟林与幼林中的优势属有所不同,成熟林以绵菌属和红菇属最丰富,幼林以乳菇属最丰富,其次是绵菌属和红菇属; (5) ECM真菌群落与乔木群落关系密切,ECM真菌群落物种多样性随着菌根乔木群落物种多样性的增加而增加;ECM群落密度随着非菌根乔木群落密度的增加而降低;ECM群落物种数随着非菌根乔木群落物种数的增加而降低。 (6) ECM真菌群落间的相似性与菌根乔木群落间相似性之间呈显著正相关,即,菌根乔木群落之间越相似,则菌根群落之间也越相似;ECM群落间的相似性与非菌根乔木群落间的相似性之间无相关性。

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采用分阶段诱导方法模拟肝细胞体内发育,建立体外诱导猕猴胚胎干细胞(rhesus monkey embryonic stem cells,rESCs)分化为成熟肝细胞的体系,对研究以ES细胞为基础的临床替代治疗人类晚期肝脏疾病具有重要的意义.将rESCs团块在含有10%FBS的DMEM培养基中悬浮培养11d,形成含有早期内胚层细胞的拟胚体(embryonic bodies,EB)并开始表达早期肝细胞的部分基因或蛋白,将11日龄EB接种至包被有ECM的组织培养皿,分阶段加入aFGF、BMP-4及OSM.经aFGF和BMP-4诱导7~10d后,分化细胞形态变为具有双核的多角形细胞,表达早期和中期肝细胞特异性的蛋白(AFP、ALB及CK18)和基因(AFP、ALB、APOH,G-6-P及TAT),并具有储存糖原的功能.撤除aFGF和BMP-4,添加OSM继续诱导7~10 d,分化的细胞表达成熟肝细胞所特有基因CYP1B1和ADH1C,并具有摄取靛青绿的能力.

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In our previous paper, the expanding cavity model (ECM) and Lame solution were used to obtain an analytical expression for the scale ratio between hardness (H) to reduced modulus (E-r) and unloading work (W-u) to total work (W-t) of indentation for elastic-perfectly plastic materials. In this paper, the more general work-hardening (linear and power-law) materials are studied. Our previous conclusions that this ratio depends mainly on the conical angle of indenter, holds not only for elastic perfectly-plastic materials, but also for work-hardening materials. These results were also verified by numerical simulations.

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<正>Focal adhesions(FAs)are large,multiprotein complexs that provides linkers between cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix(ECM).Cells sense and respond to forces through

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细胞生物学研究的一个重要方向是动态地控制细胞在基底上的黏附。最近,随着表面化学的研究深入,尤其是对烷基硫醇在金基底上形成自组装单层膜(self-assembled monolayers, SAMs)这一体系的研究,使得人们能在分子水平的表面上控制细胞黏附。精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸(arginine-glycine-aspartate, RGD)序列首先是从细胞外基质蛋白中分离出来的,能够识别并非共价结合细胞膜表面的整合素受体,从而促进细胞黏附。以前的一些工作已经证实,将含有RGD的肽链连接到SAMs表面之后,能够生物特异性地黏附动物细胞。已有的手段比如光照、电压、加热、微电极、微流控以及表面纳米形貌的梯度变化,都不能真正实现可逆地控制细胞黏附,原因是这些方法所用的化学有限;这些方法也不能得到完全抗拒细胞黏附的表面,原因是这些方法产生的表面缺陷等不完整。用两种不同波长的光(紫外光和可见光)照射偶氮苯,偶氮苯会发生可逆的光致异构变化,因此,偶氮苯的光致异构性质可以用来可逆地控制细胞在表面黏附。运用含有偶氮苯的混合SAMs,偶氮苯的末端连接GRGDS肽,混合SAMs中是以末端为六聚乙二醇的硫醇为背景,该SAMs修饰而成的表面能够黏附或者抗拒细胞黏附,其表面黏附性质取决于SAMs中偶氮苯的构象。该方法提供了一种在分子水平的表面上我们所了解到的唯一能可逆控制细胞黏附的方法,该方法需要用到的光源来自于标准荧光显微镜所配置的汞灯。 为了实现在金基底表面可逆的控制细胞黏附,我们合成了如下三个化合物: 由于化合物1的溶解性很差,几乎在所有溶剂里都不溶,所以不能直接用化合物1制备SAMs;化合物2能高效地抗拒细胞的黏附;化合物3的偶氮苯末端是活化酯,能够连接GRGDS肽,从而控制细胞黏附。 将化合物2和化合物3以一定的比例均匀混合在金基底表面形成SAMs,然后将GRGDS肽连接到偶氮苯(反式)的末端(通过GRGDS肽的甘氨酸上的伯胺基与偶氮苯末端的活化酯反应),从而得到细胞黏附的表面。用紫外光照射该细胞黏附表面5-10小时,随着偶氮苯的构象由反式变为顺式,偶氮苯末端的GRGDS肽淹没在化合物2的六聚乙二醇中,得到抗拒细胞黏附的惰性表面。再用可见光照射该惰性表面1个小时,随着偶氮苯的构象由顺式变为反式,原先埋没在六聚乙二醇中的GRGDS肽伸展至单层膜的末端,又得到了细胞黏附的表面。因此,该表面能完全可逆地控制细胞在金表面黏附。 An important area in cell biology is the dynamic control of cell adhesion on substrates. Recent advancements in surface chemistry, in particular, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiols on gold substrates, have permitted unprecedented control of cell adhesion via molecularly defined surfaces. The tri-peptide sequence arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD), initially isolated from the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, can recognize and non-covalently bind with integrin receptors on cell membranes to promote cell adhesion. Some previous work has demonstrated that RGD peptide grafted on SAMs can allow bio-specific adhesion of mammalian cells that mimic natural adhesion. Existing technologies such as light, voltage, heat, microelectrodes, microfluidic systems and surface gradient of nanotopography, either cannot realize fully reversible control of cell adhesion, due to the limitation in the chemistry used, or cannot yield a surface completely resistant against cell adhesion, due to the imperfection of surfaces. Azobenzenes undergo reversible photo-induced isomerization rapidly at two different wavelengths of light (UV and visible light), it therefore potentially allows the reversible control of cell adhesion on a surface. By using a mixed SAMs presenting azobenzene groups terminated in GRGDS peptides in a background of hexa(ethylene glycol) groups, the surface can either accommodate or resist cell adhesion depending on the conformation of the azobenzene embedded in SAMs. This method provides the only means we know to control cell adhesion reversibly on a molecularly well-defined surface by using light generated by a mercury lamp equipped on standard fluorescence microscopes. To realize the reversible control of cell adhesion on gold surface, we synthesized three kinds of compounds as following, We found that it was difficult to obtain SAMs directly from compound 1 because of its poor solubility in almost all kinds of solvents; compound 2 can resist cell adhesion efficiently; compound 3 presents an azobenzene terminated with NHS-activated ester, which can couple with a GRGDS peptide to control cell adhesion. After coating a gold surface with compound 2 and 3 in appropriate ratios to form a SAM followed by coupling the GRGDS peptides with NHS-activated esters at the end of azobenzene (E configuration) resulted in a cell-adhesive SAM. Irradiating this cell-adhesive SAM with UV light for 5-10 h converted the E configuration of azobenzene into the Z form, the GRGDS peptides becoming masked in the PEG, resulting in a cell-resistant surface. These SAM could again support cell adhesion as a result of the conformational switch of azobenzene from Z to E with the irradiation of visible light for 1 h. This surface, therefore, allows completely reversible control of cell adhesion on a gold surface.

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采用紧密结合分子动力学模型 ,对Na9+Na9碰撞系统在质心系中单原子的轰击能量为Ecm/n =0 .0 0 63eV的对心碰撞进行了研究。从动力学的观点对双团簇分子 (Na9) 2 的形成给予了证明 ,结合所谓“突然冷却”技术 ,鉴别出了所形成的 (Na9) 2 ,并给出了其结构性质。

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Aims. We determine branching fractions, cross sections and thermal rate constants for the dissociative recombination of CD3CDOD+ and CH3CH2OH2+ at the low relative kinetic energies encountered in the interstellar medium. Methods. The experiments were carried out by merging an ion and electron beam at the heavy ion storage ring CRYRING, Stockholm, Sweden. Results. Break-up of the CCO structure into three heavy fragments is not found for either of the ions. Instead the CCO structure is retained in 23 +/- 3% of the DR reactions of CD3CDOD+ and 7 +/- 3% in the DR of CH3CH2OH2+, whereas rupture into two heavy fragments occurs in 77 +/- 3% and 93 +/- 3% of the DR events of the respective ions. The measured cross sections were fitted between 1-200 meV yielding the following thermal rate constants and cross-section dependencies on the relative kinetic energy: sigma(E-cm[eV]) = 1.7 +/- 0.3 x 10(-15)(Ecm[eV])(-1.23 +/- 0.02) cm(2) and k(T) = 1.9 +/- 0.4 x 10(-6)(T/300)-0.73 +/- 0.02 cm(3) s(-1) for CH3CH2OH2+ as well as k(T) = 1.1 +/- 0.4 x 10(-6)(T/300)(-0.74 +/- 0.05) cm(3) s(-1) and s(Ecm[eV]) = 9.2 +/- 4 x 10(-16)(Ecm[eV])-1.24 +/- 0.05 cm(2) for CD3CDOD+

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Mycorrhizal resource of Robinia pseudoacacia forests in different places were investigated, and the results showed that eighteen species of Ectomycorrhizal and two species of VAM were main species for the Robinia pseudoacacia. Two stains of ECM fungi and VAM fungi were cultured,and the most suitable medium and inoculated plant were selected.Through the inoculation, it is indicated that Ectomycorrhizal and VAM were able to be formed actually for Robinia pseudoacacia.

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A number of methods are available for those researchers considering the addition of molecular analyses of ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi to their research projects and weighing the various approaches they might take. Analyzing natural EcM fungal communities has traditionally been a highly skilled, time-consuming process relying heavily on exacting morphological characterization of EcM root tips. Increasingly powerful molecular methods for analyzing EcM communities make this area of research available to a much wider range of researchers. Ecologists can gain from the body of work characterizing EcM while avoiding the requirement for exceptional expertise by carefully combining elements of traditional methods with the more recent molecular approaches. A cursory morphological analysis can yield a traditional quantification of EcM fungi based on tip numbers, a unit with functional and historical significance. Ectomycorrhizal root DNA extracts may then be analyzed with molecular methods widely used for characterizing microbiota. These range from methods applicable only to the simple mixes resulting from careful morphotyping, to community-oriented methods that identify many types in mixed samples as well as provide an estimate of their relative abundances. Extramatrical hyphae in bulk soil can also be more effectively studied, extending characterization of EcM fungal communities beyond the rhizoplane. The trend toward techniques permitting larger sample sets without prohibitive labor and time requirements will also permit us to more frequently address the issues of spatial and temporal variability and better characterize the roles of EcM fungi at multiple scales.

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通过对采集于沙地樟子松人工林内的3种外生菌根真菌(牛肝菌Boletussp.、乳菇Lactariussp.、高环柄菇Macrolepiota procera)进行纯培养,在不同温度、pH值和PEG模拟干旱胁迫条件下,观测了外生菌根菌的生长发育状况。结果表明,3种外生菌根菌生物量在不同pH范围(3~7)内存在着显著差异(P<0.05);在低于5℃和高于37℃时,3种外生菌根菌均不能生长,其最适生长温度分别为:牛肝菌,25℃高环柄菇,25~28℃,乳菇,25~30℃;在低浓度PEG胁迫处理条件下(10%,-0.20MPa),3种外生菌根菌的生长均有所增加,当PEG胁迫达到30%(-1.53 MPa)时,3种外生菌根菌的生长均受到抑制。与上述结果比较,沙地樟子松人工林地土壤的实际pH值在外生菌根菌的最适生长范围内;林地最高气温值远远超过3种外生菌根菌的最适生长值的时间在每年的生长季都会出现;在极端干旱年份(如1996年),林地土壤的实际含水量在生长季节(5~9月)远远低于抑制外生菌根菌生长的土壤含水量,可能影响到外生菌根菌的生存。因此,可以推断,沙地樟子松人工林地的外生菌根菌的生长与发育,在干旱胁迫及高温作用下受到很大程度的影响,如果仅从微生物角度分析,外生菌根菌在干旱和高温条件下不能生长或已经死亡是导致沙地樟子松人工林衰退的一个原因。